Efficient Synthesis of Polyacrylamide based Hydrogels using Serrated Open Blade Static Mixers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Polyacrylamide based hydrogels are widely used in enhanced oil recovery applications where huge amounts of polymer is injected in the tertiary stage after flooding with water and steam.Synthesis of these polymers heavily depends on the mixing efficiency of the agitators in addition to the reactor design itself.The high viscosity of the medium even at a very low polymer loading makes it inevitable to operate the reactors/reaction systems using diluted polymer solution.To overcome this problem, we proposed to use a static mixer with open blade structure such as Sulzer SMX for continuous production of these water soluble polymers.Further, to achieve enhanced mixing efficiency, the internal structure of this static mixer is modified by introducing perforations and serrations on and along the blades of the internal element.Three different type of serrations such as triangular, square and semi-circular geometries were investigated.The semi-circular serration showed better performance over others and is used for conducting the free radical polymerization of acrylamide.The geometry of the internal structure is designed using AutoCAD which is imported to COMSOL environment where the reaction domain is meshed and solved using finite element method.It was observed that enhanced mixing and conversion of acrylamide were achieved.The success of using the proposed modified static mixer can also be extended and easily used for synthesis of hydrolyzed, partially hydrolyzed and copolymers of acrylamide.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".