Heterosynaptic long-term potentiation from the anterior cingulate cortex to spinal cord in adult rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spinal nociceptive transmission receives biphasic modulation from supraspinal structures. Recent studies demonstrate that the anterior cingulate cortex facilitates spinal excitatory synaptic transmission and nociceptive reflex. However, whether the top-down descending facilitation can cause long-term synaptic changes in spinal cord remains unclear. In the present study, we recorded C-fiber-evoked field potentials in spinal dorsal horn and found that the anterior cingulate cortex stimulation caused enhancement of C-fiber-mediated responses. The enhancement lasted for more than a few hours. Spinal application of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist D-AP5 abolished this enhancement, suggesting that the activation of the NMDA receptor is required. Furthermore, spinal application of methysergide, a serotonin receptor antagonist, also blocked the anterior cingulate cortex-induced spinal long-term potentiation. Our results suggest that the anterior cingulate cortex stimulation can produce heterosynaptic form of long-term potentiation at the spinal cord dorsal horn, and this novel form of long-term potentiation may contribute to top-down long-term facilitation in chronic pain conditions.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".