Experimental analysis of a photoreactor packed <scp>w</scp>ith Pd‐BiVO<sub>4</sub>‐Coated glass beads
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A photoreactor packed with glass beads coated by palladium nanoparticles‐modified BiVO4 was tested and analyzed in phenol degradation under UV–Visible light. The photocatalytic activity of Pd‐BiVO4 under visible light is higher than TiO2 under UV light, as we previously reported. In this work, we try to use the Pd‐BiVO4 in a large scale by coating the glass beads with it, a potentially industrial‐scale use. For comparison, a flat‐plate reactor and a slurry reactor were also examined. The photocatalytic activity of Pd‐BiVO4 in phenol degradation was found to be higher than that of TiO2 in all systems (slurry, flat‐plate, and packed beads reactor [PBR]). Furthermore, PBR exhibited higher energy efficiency compared to the flat‐plate reactor in phenol oxidation. The superior performance of this reactor is due primarily to the highly exposed catalyst surface area, high mass transfer coefficient, and effective delivery of both photons and reactants to the catalyst surfaces. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 132–139, 2019
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".