Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ice action on ships and offshore structures is commonly determined by calculating the contact ice pressure. The aim of this paper is to describe the empirical background for determining the ice pressure. This review article describes six different test series where ice edge indentation and contact ice pressure have been investigated. These test series are ice pressure measurements onboard IB Sisu in the Baltic in 1977, pendulum tests carried out at Arctec in Ottawa, Canada, in 1979, laboratory and full scale ice crushing tests at WARC in 1988 and onboard IB Sampo 1989, medium scale indentation tests on Hobson's Choice Ice Island 1990, ice crushing tests at NRC, Ottawa 1992 and the JOIA tests in Hokkaido 1996-1999. These tests were selected as at each series a new phenomenon was observed. The aim of the paper is to introduce the main features for ice-structure contact empirically through the description of tests. The paper is concluded with a short description of the existing models for ice pressure, especially to gain an insight and highlight the main observations in each test series and how the models for ice pressure have developed based on the observations.This article is part of the theme issue 'Modelling of sea-ice phenomena'.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".