Effects of cobalt and chromium ions on oxidative stress and energy metabolism in macrophages in vitro
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cobalt and chromium ions released from cobalt‐chromium‐molybdenum (CoCrMo)‐based implants are a potential health concern, especially since both ions have been shown to induce oxidative stress in macrophages, the predominant immune cells in periprosthetic tissues. Ions of other transition metals (Cd, Ni) have been reported to inhibit the activity of mitochondrial enzymes in the electron transport chain. However, the effects of Co and Cr ions on the energy metabolism of macrophages remain largely unknown. The objective of the present study was to analyze the effects of Co 2+ and Cr 3+ on oxidative stress and energy metabolism in macrophages in vitro. RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were exposed to 6–18 ppm Co 2+ or 50–150 ppm Cr 3+ . Results showed a significant increase in two markers of oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species level and protein carbonyl content, with increasing concentrations of Co 2+ , but not with Cr 3+ . In addition, oxygen consumption rates (OCR; measured using an extracellular flux analyzer) showed significant decreases in both mitochondrial respiration and non‐mitochondrial oxygen consumption with increasing concentrations of Co 2+ , but not with Cr 3+ . OCR results further showed that Co 2+ , but not Cr 3+ , induced mitochondrial dysfunction, including a decrease in oxidative phosphorylation capacity. Overall, this study suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to Co 2+ ‐induced oxidative stress in macrophages, and thereby to the inflammatory response observed in periprosthetic tissues. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:3178–3187, 2018.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".