Etude expérimentale des mécanismes d'atomisation effervescente. Application à la sécurité incendie dans les moteurs aéronautiques.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fires are one of the most formidable risks in aviation because of the difficulties to fight them once airbone, as for example in confined spaces where the spread can be very fast. Halon1301 has been used for more than 50 years as extinguishing agent for aircraft engines, APU (Auxiliary Power Unit) and cargo fire protection. Halon1301 has specific properties for systems of fires engines protection. It has a low boiling point and high vapor pressure, which facilitates the mixture of the agent with the ventilation air in fire areas. In addition, its boiling point at -57,8°C and its ability to vaporize throughout the discharge are desirable physical properties. Because of changes in environmental regulation, it is necessary to replace Halon1301, the extinguishing agent currently present on aircraft engines fire protection systems. The use of this fluid has been banned by the Montreal (1994) and Kyoto (1998) protocols in industry, with the intent to reduce substances that deplete the ozone layer as well as greenhouse gases. Exemptions established by the European environmental Commission exist and are applied to the aeronautics field due to the lack of alternatives. For several years, Airbus has been working on the replacement of Halon1301 for engines and APU fire protection systems. Since 2003, several alternative agents to the Halon1301 have been identified. This study is dedicated to a fluid that appears as an environmentally friendly alternative: Novec1230. The most important difference between Halon1301 and Novec1230 is their physical phase. Indeed, Halon1301 is in gaseous state at all relevant conditions, while Novec1230 is a liquid below +49,2°C. At the cold temperature ventilation (negative temperature) or at ambient (+25°C), the agent will be liquid. The characteristics of evaporation (saturation curve) show that for these applications, we are in a two-phase flow with the presence of drops and gas. Gas-phase transport agent in every engine area is not a problem because it will be transported by the ventilation air flow. However, in the liquid phase, the efficient transport of the agent in the form of drops is more complex: If the drops are too large, they will tend to have a ballistic trajectory and will not reach all areas the engine. Therefore, the optimization of atomization of the agent becomes a central parameter for the design of the fire protection system. In the context of this project, a technology called effervescent atomization was considered. The principle is to dissolve a gas (in our case carbon dioxide, CO2), in the liquid agent Novec1230. Many adaptations of this technology are required to improve the performance of the atomization and subsequently the transport of the fire-extinguishing agent. The effervescent atomization process is a promising technology that offers potential improvements in terms of quality of atomization of the fluid and reduction of operating pressure. The goal of this project is to conduct theoretical and experimental research on the effervescent atomization process to identify the key parameters that influence the atomization.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".