Education and the Sustainability of Immigrant Health: Canadian Evidence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using data from the three waves of the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada, this study explores the link between health and education among recently arrived immigrants to Canada. The empirical evidence, derived from the application of ordered and bivariate probit regressions (with the use of instruments to address the endogeneity question), suggests that education is positively and significantly related to the self-reported health status of newly arrived immigrants. The probability of reporting excellent, very good, or good health was 37 percent higher for immigrants who had more than high school education than for those with only high school education or less. This study goes one step further to investigate the role of education in changes in health status in the first four years after arrival. In that regard, the study finds that those with post-secondary education were more likely to maintain the state of health reported on entry if it was good, very good, or excellent and more likely to improve it if it was poor or fair. In short, education was found to play a role in both amplifying the healthy immigrant effect and in dampening the attenuation of that effect.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".