Creating Tensile Fractures in Colorado Shale Using an Unconfined Fast Heating Test
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Under a high heating rate, thermally induced pore pressure is readily developed in low-permeability soft mudrocks, such as clay shale. Thermally induced pore pressure may lead to tensile fracturing in soft mudrocks and pose severe issues for thermal projects that include thermal heavy oil recovery and radioactive waste disposal. This article presents experimental investigations on the possibility of creating tensile fractures in a clay shale (Colorado shale) sample using a fast heating test. An unconfined fast heating test was conducted on a Colorado shale sample, which was retrieved from an overburdened shale formation above oil sand reservoirs in the Cold Lake area in Alberta, Canada. X-ray computed tomography scanning was applied to observe the thermally induced tensile fracturing behavior. A fully coupled thermal-hydromechanical finite element analysis was performed to examine the thermally induced pore pressure development in the sample. Experimental work indicates that Colorado shale loses its integrity when the sample’s pore pressure is higher than its tensile strength. The generated fractures in Colorado shale are almost parallel to shale’s intrinsic bedding plane.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".