Erythropoietin promotes functional recovery via anti-apoptotic mechanisms in mouse unilateral ureteral obstruction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of the work was to investigate mechanisms of erythropoietin-induced protection and accelerated recovery of kidneys and ureters from obstructive injury. Unilateral ureteral obstruction was established for 24, 48, and 72 h in C57BL/6 mice using a non-traumatic micro-clip followed by the microscopic quantification of ureteral peristalsis pre- and post-obstruction. Expression of erythropoietin, erythropoietin receptor, β-common receptor, and downstream apoptosis-related markers was assessed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in ureters and kidneys and compared to the respective organs on the contralateral side within each animal. Expression of genes in kidneys and ureters from mice treated with 20 IU of erythropoietin daily for 72 h prior to obstruction was compared to that of untreated mice following obstruction. Apoptosis in ureteral tissues after 72-h obstruction was assessed via TUNEL assay. Ureteral obstruction increased apoptosis in affected ureters, with peristaltic function halted following all periods of obstruction. Erythropoietin treatment suppressed apoptosis in obstructed tissues and increased the percentage of mice retaining ureteral function immediately following obstruction reversal. Erythropoietin, erythropoietin receptor, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xl mRNA expression were down-regulated, while phospho-Nf-ĸb p65 was up-regulated in ureteral epithelia following obstruction. Erythropoietin treatment induced anti-apoptotic signaling via down-regulated Bax mRNA expression and abrogated phospho-Nf-ĸb p65. Erythropoietin-induced protection of ureteral function and accelerated recovery post-obstruction removal is mediated via anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Ureteral function is disrupted even following obstruction removal, negatively affecting renal function due to delayed recovery. Thus, our results represent a potential target for the development of safe therapeutic agents aimed at improving functional recovery from obstructive injury.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".