Quantitative and rapid interference of bovine viral diarrhea virus BVDV/END– and BVDV/END+ strains
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Homologous interference in vitro is defined as the ability of primary viral infection to prevent secondary homologous superinfection. Non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (ncp BVDV) has been classified according to the exaltation of Newcastle disease phenomenon (END) as END positive (E+) and END negative (E-) strains. Simultaneous inoculation of MDBK-SY cell monolayers with BVDV/E- virus and a three log higher amount of BVDV RK13/E+ virus, leads to acquisition of the BVDV/E- feature of blocking Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection in cells. BVDV/E- strains, particularly at a high titre and MOI ≥1.25, can exert and impose their effects in BVDV/E+ infected cells; however, if BVDV/E- MOI is reduced to MOI below 0.625, the BVDV/E+ effect can be restored leading to cytopathic effects (CPE) induction by NDV reciprocal to the titre of the BVDV RK13/E+ strain. Moreover, blocking and prevention of induced CPE by NDV or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) occurs even when BVDV/E- superinfects primary BVDV/E+ infected cells, indicating a defective homologous interference between BVDV/E+ and BVDV/E- strains. Taken together, BVDV/E- strains have a strong competitive potency and mediate a fast acting (i.e. within 60 min) influence against BVDV/E+ activity. This may be relevant in vivo where BVDV/E- and BVDV/E+ combinations are frequently isolated from infected individuals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".