Resting-state functional connectivity in individuals with bipolar disorder during clinical remission: a systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder is chronic and debilitating. Studies investigating resting-state functional connectivity in individuals with bipolar disorder may help to inform neurobiological models of illness. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review with the following goals: to summarize the literature on resting-state functional connectivity in bipolar disorder during clinical remission (euthymia) compared with healthy controls; to critically appraise the literature and research gaps; and to propose directions for future research. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL and grey literature up to April 2017. RESULTS: Twenty-three studies were included. The most consistent finding was the absence of differences in resting-state functional connectivity of the default mode network (DMN), frontoparietal network (FPN) and salience network (SN) between people with bipolar disorder and controls, using independent component analysis. However, 2 studies in people with bipolar disorder who were positive for psychosis history reported DMN hypoconnectivity. Studies using seed-based analysis largely reported aberrant resting-state functional connectivity with the amygdala, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex in people with bipolar disorder compared with controls. Few studies used regional homogeneity or amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations. LIMITATIONS: We found heterogeneity in the analysis methods used. CONCLUSION: Stability of the DMN, FPN and SN may reflect a state of remission. Further, DMN hypoconnectivity may reflect a positive history of psychosis in patients with bipolar disorder compared with controls, highlighting a potentially different neural phenotype of psychosis in people with bipolar disorder. Resting-state functional connectivity changes between the amygdala, prefrontal cortex and cingulate cortex may reflect a neural correlate of subthreshold symptoms experienced in bipolar disorder euthymia, the trait-based pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and/or a compensatory mechanism to maintain a state of euthymia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.031 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".