Carbon dioxide evaporation process in direct expansion geothermal boreholes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ground Heat Exchangers (GHE) play an important role in the performance of Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP). The impact is even more significant in direct expansion GSHP (DX-GSHP) systems as the refrigerant used in the heat pump also acts as the heat transfer fluid for the GHE. In this study, several experiments were carried out to investigate the performance of GHEs in a carbon dioxide (CO2) DX-GSHP. The evaporation of CO2 in the GHE was studied under various mass flow rates and number of active boreholes. For this purpose, a transcritical CO2 DX-GSHP test facility was built and fully equipped at CanmetENERGY-Varennes research laboratory. It was found that a partial two-phase flow regime along the GHE decreases the performance compared to the full two-phase flow and it has to be avoided for more efficient DX-GSHP systems.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".