Optimal Design of Sulfidated Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron for Enhanced Trichloroethene Degradation
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) has the potential to be a cost-effective remediation agent for a wide range of environmental pollutants, including chlorinated solvents. Various synthesis approaches have yielded S-nZVI consisting of a Fe0 (or Fe0/S0) core and FeS shell, which are significantly more reactive to trichloroethene (TCE) than nZVI. However, their reactivity is not as high as palladium-doped nZVI (Pd-nZVI). We synthesized S-nZVI by the co-precipitation of FeS and Fe0 by using Na2S during the borohydride reduction of FeSO4 (S-nZVIco). This resulted in FeS structures bridging the nZVI core and the surface, as confirmed by electron microscopy and X-ray analyses. The TCE degradation capacity of up to 0.46 mol TCE/mol Fe0 was obtained for S-nZVIco at a high S loading and was comparable to Pd-nZVI but 60% higher than the currently most reactive S-nZVI, in which FeS only coats the nZVI (S-nZVIpost). The high TCE degradation was due to complete utilization of Fe0 (2 e–/mol Fe0) toward the formation of acetylene. Although Pd-nZVI yielded 3 e–/mol Fe0, TCE degradation was comparable because it reduced acetylene further to ethene and ethane. Under Fe0-limited conditions, the S-nZVIco TCE degradation rate was 16 times higher than that of Pd-nZVI (0.5 wt % Pd) and 90 times higher than that of S-nZVIpost.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it