“Whare ye ennemy used to bury there dead”: A New Englander burial at the 18th century Fortress of Louisbourg in Atlantic Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Known as one of the largest and most expansive French fortress sites in North America, Louisbourg had a short yet rich history of prosperity, warfare, and abandonment during the 18th century. Throughout its tumultuous 45‐year history, the community at Louisbourg was a mosaic of individuals including civilians, soldiers, fishermen, merchants, and privateers, originating from both North America and Europe. This diverse population no doubt contributed to Louisbourg's large and multifaceted cemetery composition. During recent excavations at Louisbourg's Rochefort Point, variable burial patterns have begun to emerge that contribute to our understanding of who these individuals were and how they fit within this 18th century community. This paper presents a case study analysis of Burial 21/2017, an adult male aged between 27 and 33 years who was buried in a coffin that bore biographical information that is consistent with previously documented English burials. When comparing this unique coffin adornment with temporally similar examples from Britain and other British colonies, it is clear that despite burial on French soil, this individual's identity as a New Englander was maintained through mortuary treatment. Evidence of healed fracture trauma to multiple skeletal elements, infection, and likely gout speaks to their lived experience as a soldier. This case study highlights the significance of burial context when extrapolating elements of identity from skeletal remains and the challenges of bioarchaeological research when working in regions with highly transient and mobile individuals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.017 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".