Fluid flow and thermal modeling for tracking induced seismicity near the Graham disposal well, British Columbia, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Deep injection of saline formation waters that are co-produced with hydrocarbons is a common practice in oil and gas operations. Such saltwater disposal (SWD) requires a permeable formation with large lateral extent that is not in hydrological contact with potable groundwater. In some areas, such as the U.S. Midwest and parts of Western Canada, large-volume saltwater disposal has been linked to anomalous induced seismicity. This study focuses on multi-physics numerical simulation of SWD at the Graham pool in northeastern British Columbia, Canada. Saltwater injection into a previous Debolt gas producer was initiated in 2001, with M > 3 induced seismicity commencing in 2006. Epicenters of induced earthquakes are located north of the injection well, along the strike of a system faults that bound the structurally controlled depleted gas reservoir. Fluid flow and thermal processes were simulated in order to history match with injection and pressure data. Model scenarios predict a pressure increase of up to 1 MPa in the vicinity of induced seismicity, at the time of onset of M > 3 events. Presentation Date: Thursday, October 18, 2018 Start Time: 8:30:00 AM Location: 210C (Anaheim Convention Center) Presentation Type: Oral
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".