Out of the Shadows: A Comparative Assessment of the Role of Victims at the International Criminal Court and in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The International Criminal Court (ICC) has emerged as a unique institution for infusing victims in all phases of its proceedings. However, it has faced challenges in doing so and is still grappling with how to achieve meaningful participation and reparations for victims in a sustainable way. Comparative analysis can be valuable in addressing shared concerns, including the role of victims in criminal proceedings. This article provides the first comparative legal analysis of an adversarial common law jurisdiction (Canada) and the ICC with respect to the role of victims. It concludes that the ICC could enhance victim reparations by considering domestic models that provide victims with compensation much earlier in the process and re-focus victim participation in areas that do not overlap with the role of the prosecutor. Countries like Canada, which have been reticent to enhance victim participation, could consider some of the measures adopted for victims at the ICC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.013 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.028 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".