Revision of the taxonomy and distribution of the Neotropical<i>Copris incertus</i>species complex (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Copris incertusSay, 1835 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Coprini) has been described as a New World coprophagous scarab distributed from Mexico to Ecuador with large discontinuities in its range between the Yucatán province and Costa Rica. TheC. incertusspecies complex of theCopris minutus(Drury, 1773) species group consists ofC. incertus,Copris laevicepsHarold, 1869, andCopris lugubrisBoheman, 1858. Based on external morphology and male genitalia, we discovered that multiple species have been classified asC. incertus.Of these species, five are new:Copris amazonicusnew species,Copris brevicornisnew species,Copris davidinew species,Copris moroninew species, andCopris susanaenew species. Herein, we revise the organisation of theC.incertusspecies complex and propose a new species complex, theC. laevicepsspecies complex, which includes:C. davidi,Copris igualensisWarner, 1990, andC. laeviceps, formerly included in theC. incertusspecies complex. We provide an identification key along with species distribution maps, images of habitus, and diagnostic characters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".