Hierarchical metal/polymer metamaterials of tunable negative Poisson’s ratio fabricated by initiator-integrated 3D printing (i3DP)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Metamaterials with artificially designed architectures can achieve unique and even unprecedented physical properties, which show promising applications in actuators, amplifiers and micromechanical controls. An initiator-integrated 3D printing technology (i3DP) was applied in this study to create scalable, metal/polymer meta-mechanical materials, which can gradually achieve negative Poisson's ratio, high strength and ultralow density, as well as high compressive and super-elastic behavior. The i3DP was enabled by integrating an atomic-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator with UV-curable resin, followed by polyelectrolyte brushes (PMETAC) grafting via surface-initiated ATRP and thereafter electroless plating to form metal coatings. Compared with polymer structures, the compressive stress of metal-polymer structure can be doubled when deposited with a 190 nm copper layer. The hollow metallic materials possess a tunable Poisson's ratio, and the highest average recoverability, which can recover nearly completely to their original shape after over 30% compression. Overall, this i3DP approach provides meta-structures with substantial benefits from the hierarchical design and fabrication flexibility.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".