Development of a Laval nozzle for a cold gas propulsion system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a study regarding the calculation and design of a Laval nozzle, and its influence on the performances obtained. For this research, numerical simulation were conducted using the commercial software ANSYS CFX to verify the geometry and to compare it with the analytical results. This study is part of a research project that develops an advanced solar thermal propulsion system; the main purpose is to increase the operation life of a satellite using focused solar light. Two geometries are analyzed in this paper: one with a cone shape and the other generated using the characteristics method. The working fluid is nitrogen gas, which was used due to its inert properties and high molar mass. For the numerical simulations an exterior domain has been taking into account, to capture the jet and to observe how is evolving into the atmosphere. Several cases were studied; temperature was the main parameter varied from one case to another. As a result of the numerical simulations, it was found that the nozzle shape and temperature at the inlet to the convergent section influences performance of the propulsion system in a significant manner. Mach diamonds form because of the supersonic exhaust of the nozzle, and can be seen how their intensity is decreasing in magnitude near the domain outlet.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".