Sucrose nonfermenting AMPK‐related kinase (SNARK) regulates exercise‐stimulated and ischemia‐stimulated glucose transport in the heart
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The signaling mechanisms mediating myocardial glucose transport are not fully understood. Sucrose nonfermenting AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK)‐related kinase (SNARK) is an AMPK‐related protein kinase that is expressed in the heart and has been implicated in contraction‐stimulated glucose transport in mouse skeletal muscle. We first determined if SNARK is phosphorylated on Thr 208 , a site critical for SNARK activity. Mice were treated with exercise, ischemia, submaximal insulin, or maximal insulin. Treadmill exercise slightly, but significantly increased SNARK Thr 208 phosphorylation. Ischemia also increased SNARK Thr 208 phosphorylation, but there was no effect of submaximal or maximal insulin. HL1 cardiomyocytes were used to overexpress wild‐type (WT) SNARK and to knockdown endogenous SNARK. Overexpression of WT SNARK had no effect on ischemia‐stimulated glucose transport; however, SNARK knockdown significantly decreased ischemia‐stimulated glucose transport. SNARK overexpression or knockdown did not alter insulin‐stimulated glucose transport or glycogen concentrations. To study SNARK function in vivo, SNARK heterozygous knockout mice (SNARK +/− ) and WT littermates performed treadmill exercise. Exercise‐stimulated glucose transport was decreased by ~50% in hearts from SNARK +/− mice. In summary, exercise and ischemia increase SNARK Thr 208 phosphorylation in the heart and SNARK regulates exercise‐stimulated and ischemia‐stimulated glucose transport. SNARK is a novel mediator of insulin‐independent glucose transport in the heart.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".