Differential Germination Characteristics of Dicamba-Resistant Kochia (<i>Bassia scoparia</i>) Populations in Response to Temperature
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Dicamba-resistant (DR) kochia [Bassia scoparia(L.) A. J. Scott] has been reported in six U.S. states and one Canadian province. To develop effectiveB. scopariacontrol tactics, it is necessary to understand the seed germination pattern of DRB. scoparia. The objective of this study was to compare the germination characteristics of DR versus dicamba-susceptible (DS)B. scopariapopulations from Montana and Kansas under constant (5 to 35 C) and/or alternating temperatures (5/10 to 30/35 C). DRB. scoparialines from Montana were generated after three generations of recurrent selection of field-collected populations with dicamba. Seeds of DR or DS lines from Kansas were obtained after one generation of restricted self-pollination. DRB. scoparialines from both Montana and Kansas had a lower maximum cumulative germination than the DS lines across all temperature treatments. A majority of DRB. scoparialines from Montana showed a temperature-mediated seed germination response, with a higher thermal requirement (30 to 35 C or 25/30 to 30/35 C) to attain the maximum cumulative germination compared with DS lines. Germination rates at 5 to 30 C were lower for DR versus DSB. scoparialines from Kansas. All DR lines from Montana took more time than DS lines to initiate germination at 5 and 10 C or 5/10 and 20/25 C. Similarly, there was a delayed onset of germination of the DR versus DS line from Kansas at 5, 10, 15, and 20 C. Furthermore, the DRB. scopariafrom both Kansas and Montana had a slower germination pattern relative to the DSB. scoparia. Diversified crop rotations using winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), fall-sown cover crops, or early-spring planted crops (e.g., wheat or barley [Hordeum vulgareL.]) that are competitive against late-emergingB. scopariain conjunction with strategic tillage and late-season weed control tactics should be used to facilitate depletion of DRB. scopariaseedbanks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".