Environment friendly solvent processed, fullerene-free organic solar cells with high efficiency in air
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fullerene-free organic solar cells (OSCs) have attracted significant interest in the research community over the past few years. Their efficiency has risen rapidly, with multiple reports of record power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) breaching 14%. While encouraging, these performance metrics are often achieved with the utilization of toxic halogenated solvents for the fabrication process, which is less attractive for large-scale manufacturing. Dimeric perylene diimide (PDI) electron transport materials are currently considered amongst the key candidates for the realization of low-cost, highefficiency “green-processed” OSCs. The low-cost synthetic versatility of the PDI skeleton allows for a range of chemical “fine-tuning” and the chromophore has excellent photochemical stability and strong light absorption in the visible region. This report will detail our research into OSCs using PDI dimers as the electron acceptors and active layer fabrication using non-halogenated solvents. PTB7-Th was chosen as the donor material, owing to its good solubility in nonhalogenated solvents, complementary light absorption and suitable energy level alignment for pairing with our PDI acceptors. Two different PDI dimers having linear and branched alkyl chains are studied. We have previously shown that PTB7-Th:PDI based solar cells with active layers processed from 2Me-THF, o-xylene, or 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene could reach PCEs from 5-6%. The processing solvent can be extended to toluene with solar cells exhibiting PCEs of 5%. Thus, this work highlights the many processing options for the PTB7-Th / N-annulated PDI dimer active layer combination.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".