Contribution of Different NbOx Species in the Hydrodeoxygenation of 2,5-Dimethyltetrahydrofuran to Hexane
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is significant for the upgrading of biomass, bio-oil, and biomass-derived compounds to fuels due to their abundant oxygen atoms. It is reported that Pd, Pt supported on Nb-based materials is excellent for the HDO reaction of raw biomass and biomass-derived compounds because NbOx species has a strong ability to activate C–O bonds in the previous studies. Here, we try to clarify which are the active NbOx centers, isolated, oligomer or low-coordinated species by using Pd/Nb-doped SBA-15 as the catalyst and 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran (DMTHF) as the model compound. Nb-doped SBA-15 with tunable Nb content is prepared by glycerol-assisted one-pot hydrothermal method. These Nb-doped SBA-15 and Pd-loaded catalysts are characterized by XRD, N2 sorption, TEM/SEM, diffuse reflectance ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The performance of Pd/Nb-doped SBA-15 catalysts is found to be depended on the state of Nb species in SBA-15. The catalyst with low Nb loading possessing lower Nb coordination numbers can adsorb the oxygen atom of DMTHF and hence promote the cleavage of C–O bond of DMTHF. A higher turnover frequency of the catalysts based on Nb content and Lewis acid site can be obtained in catalysts with low Nb loading.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it