The EU as a Global Actor in Reforming the International Investment Regime in Light of Sustainable Development
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The international investment law regime is undergoing a process of reform.The guiding paradigm of this reform is the principle of sustainable development.The EU, through its exclusive competence over foreign direct investment, has become a significant actor on the stage of international investment law governance.According to recent statements of the EU institutions, the EU seeks to shape its policy to be consistent with the principle of sustainable development.In more concrete terms this means that EU investment law making shall be consistent with core labour standards, environmental protection and the conservation of natural resources as well as with sustainable and inclusive economic growth.Against this background, the present paper seeks to analyse to what extent the EU is reforming international investment law in light of sustainable development.The analysis is divided into two main parts.The first is on the legal and non-legal bases of the EU enabling it to be a global actor in the given field.The second part is on the implementation or the 'actor's performance' of the EU.In order to analyse the implementation, the post-Lisbon treaty practice of the EU in the field of international investment regulation shall be looked at, in particular the Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement (CETA) between the EU and Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".