Characteristics of cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella isolates from poultry in Korea, 2010–2017
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cephalosporins are the key drugs for the treatment of salmonellosis. Resistance to cephalosporins in Salmonella spp. has become a serious public health concern worldwide. Although the sales of cephalosporins have increased by five times from 2008 to 2016 in Korea, limited information is available on cephalosporin resistance in Korea. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the trends in prevalence and characteristics of cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella isolates from poultry in Korea in the period between 2010 and 2017. A total of 141 Salmonella isolates were collected from various poultry industry sources, and 38 (27.0%) among them showed resistance to cephalosporins. In particular, resistance to the following cephalosporins increased significantly over the seven-year period cephalothin (from 5.0% to 29.2%), cephalexin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime (from 0% to 25.0%), and cefepime (from 0% to 12.5%). In addition, 12 isolates carried a β-lactamase gene. A non-extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) gene, blaTEM-1, was found in three isolates in the periods of 2010 to 2011 and 2012 to 2013, respectively. The blaCTX-M-79 (n = 4) and blaCTX-M-15 (n = 1) for ESBL genes and blaCMY-2 (n = 1) for pAmpC genes were only present in the 2016-2017 period. All ESBL/pAmpC-positive isolates had high minimum inhibitory concentrations for most cephalosporins and showed multi-drug resistance. In a conjugation experiment, the transfer of blaCTX-M-79 and blaCMY-2 genes was confirmed in transconjugants, which showed similar pattern of antibiotic resistance. This demonstrates that ESBL/pAmpC-producing Salmonella isolates might be transmitted to humans through contaminated poultry products. These findings suggest the need for the development of monitoring program and the guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobial agents in the poultry industry in Korea.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".