Relative treatment of aliens: Firm-level evidence from developing countries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using a novel econometric estimator and extensive firm-level surveys, we show that foreign firms' experiences at the hands of host governments tend to be as good, or better, than those reported by their domestic counterparts. Even when foreign firms are exposed to significant political risks in the developing world, domestic firms remain even worse off on average. Our findings are corroborated by local lawyers who work with both foreign and domestic firms in developing countries. The advantage enjoyed by foreign firms is observed in both middle- and low-income hosts, and is greatest in the latter. However, while lowincome countries tend to treat foreign firms best relative to comparable domestic firms, they still treat foreign firms worse than middle-income countries do in an absolute sense. This contrasting pattern means that the findings of the large and growing literature on the crosscountry causes and consequences of the absolute treatment of foreign firms cannot be transferred to the question of relative treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".