Prediction of Sheet Metal Forming Limits in Multistage Forming Processes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A three-dimensional stress state was implemented in a modified version of the Marciniak and Kuczynski model to predict Forming Limit Curves (FLC) with different through thickness stress values, and the sensitivity of the predicted FLC to the applied out-of-plane stress component was analyzed. Furthermore, the effect of normal stress on the formability of sheet metals under non-proportional loading was investigated. It was previously found that the influence of normal stress on the formability of sheet metals decreases with increased pre-strain, when the same normal stress is applied during both stages of deformation. For multistage metal forming processes, such as tube bending and hydroforming, the first forming stage can be performed without considering the normal stress, whereas the normal stress must be considered in the second forming stage. Alternately, different levels of normal stress may be applied in each forming stage. The present work aims to understand the influence of the normal stress applied in different stages of deformation on the sheet forming limits. Different normal stresses were applied during either the first or second forming stage, and the predicted final stress forming limits were compared in order to determine the influence of the normal stress for non-linear strain paths.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".