Body Composition, Chronic Disease Risk and Physical Activity Levels of Urban and Rural Women in Selected Zimbabwean Communities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Maintaining a physically active lifestyle helps to keep a healthy weight and lowers the risks of chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to determine and compare body composition, chronic disease risk and physical activity levels of rural and urban women in selected Zimbabwean communities. METHOD: The study followed a descriptive, comparative, and cross sectional design. A sample size of 280 women aged 18 to 60 years volunteered to participate. Anthropometric variables, blood pressure, blood glucose and cholesterol were measured using standard protocols. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and a Nutritional Questionnaires were self-administered. Routine descriptive statistics, independent t-tests and Chi-square tests were used and the significance was set at p≤0.05. RESULTS: A significant difference between urban and rural women with regards to Body Mass Index (BMI) p=0.009 (mean difference 1.62; 95% CI), Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR) p=0.003 (mean difference 0.02; 95%CI) was noted. Regarding chronic disease risk, urban women were classified as high and very high risk compared to rural women, p=0.019. With regard to the IPAQ there were significant differences in the transport domain, p=0.046, domestic domain p=0.02 and leisure domain p=0.020 between urban and rural women. CONCLUSION: The study indicated an increase in prevalence of overweight and obesity with increased chronic disease risk in urban women compared to rural women. Both urban and rural women showed high levels of physical activity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".