Label-Free Super-Resolution Microscopy with Coherent Nonlinear Structured-Illumination
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Conventional structured-illumination microscopy provides up to a two-fold improvement in the achievable lateral resolution by spatially modulating the intensity profile of the illumination beam. However, the conventional structured-illumination scheme cannot be directly combined with label-free nonlinear coherent imaging modalities. Here we propose a way to overcome this limitation by generalizing the concept of structured-illumination microscopy to coherent nonlinear wide-field modalities, where the phase of the illumination beam is spatially modulated while interferometrically measuring the complex-valued scattered field. We demonstrate numerically how by using nonlinear processes of second-harmonic generation and third- harmonic generation up to four- and six-fold increases in the lateral resolution are possible, respectively. Since coherent nonlinear imaging modalities do not require use of labels, the demonstrated approach provides possibilities for biomedical applications benefitting from minimal sample preparation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".