Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Economic integration refers to the various types of agreements coordinating economic policies and regulations between countries. There has been a rapid increase in the number of regional trade agreements (RTAs) since the mid 1990s and appetite for deep integration was reflected in the growth of European Union (EU) membership. However, the rejection of the Trans‐Pacific Partnership by the United States and the United Kingdom's rejection of the EU common market are symptomatic of a new anti‐integration wave. In this address, I discuss the roots of anti‐integration sentiments and I review the economics of integration, the measurement and sources of the gains from trade, and trade policy. Canada has much to gain from securing RTAs with large countries like the United States, the EU, and, eventually, with Japan and China. The North American Free Trade Agreement made winners and losers, but long‐run gains more than made up for short‐run pains. Thus, there is no economic justification for maintaining interprovincial and international trade barriers in some of Canada's agri‐food industries. L'intégration économique implique la coordination de politiques économiques et règlementations par le biais d'accords régionaux (ARs). Le nombre d'ARs a augmenté rapidement depuis le milieu des années 90 et la croissance du nombre de membres de l'Union Européenne (UE) reflète une tendance d'intégration profonde. Toutefois, le rejet du partenariat transpacifique par les États‐Unis et la sortie du Royaume‐Uni du marché commun européen sont le reflet d'une nouvelle vague anti‐intégration. Mon texte discute des facteurs qui ont contribué à cette vague et passe en revue les analyses sur l'intégration économique, la mesure et les sources des gains du commerce et les politiques commerciales. Une petite écononmie ouverte comme celle du Canada a beaucoup à gagner d'ARs avec de gros pays comme les États‐Unis, l'UE, et éventuellement, le Japon et la Chine. L'accord de libre échange nord‐américain a fait des gagnants et des perdants, mais les gains à long terme ont plus que compensé pour les pertes de court terme. Par conséquent, il n'y a pas d'argument économique justifiant le maintien de barrières aux commerces interprovincial et international dans certaines industries agroalimentaires.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.022 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.011 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.012 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".