Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa) from Yobe State, Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study determined the levels of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rice (Oryza Sativa) samples from six agricultural locations in Bade and Karasuwa Local Government Areas, Yobe State, Nigeria. Four varieties of rice (FARO 42, 44, 45 and 52) were collected for this study. The concentrations of PAHs in the study rice samples were lower than the maximum allowable concentration (MAC), average daily dose (ADD) of PAHs in the different variety of rice from the six agricultural locations shows that FARO 44 had the highest ADD (5.84 x1011 mg/kg), while FARO 52 shows the lowest ADD (1.20 x1015 mg/kg). The potential for non-carcinogenic PAHs in this study revealed that FARO 42 has the highest hazard index (2.04 x1011 mg/kg). Result from incremental lifetime expectancy cancer risk shows that FARO 44 from Jawa had the highest value (4.19 x1010 mg/kg), while the lowest value (7.61 x1015 mg/kg) was recorded for FARO 52 from Rina Kuna agricultural location. Results from the present study shows that the rice samples from the study locations are safe for human consumption and not significantly contaminated by PAHs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".