Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between the EU and Canada has been suggested as a template for a future UK-EU trade relationship. To inform the ongoing debate surrounding a ‘Canada plus’ deal post-Brexit, this paper assesses in detail the services and investment chapters of CETA. We have scored each of the EU’s detailed commitments in CETA according to their degree of liberalisation, and aggregated the scores across member states and sub-sectors to provide a broad comparison between sectors. We find that, while in some sectors the EU is relatively open in CETA, in other sectors important to the UK such as financial services and transport services it remains significantly restricted. Further, we evaluate the extent to which the EU’s commitments in CETA improve on its pre-CETA commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). This shows that although CETA generally offers a bit more liberalisation than the EU’s GATS schedule, it nevertheless follows the latter closely, so that sectors that are relatively protected under GATS remain protected in CETA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".