Stellar systems in the direction of Pegasus I - I. Low surface brightness galaxies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To enlarge the sample of known low-surface brightness (LSB) galaxies and to try to provide clues about their nature, we report the detection of eight of this type of objects ($μ_{{eff}, g'} \simeq 27$ mag arcsec$^{-2}$) towards the group of galaxies Pegasus I. They are located in the very center of Pegasus I, close to the dominant elliptical galaxies NGC7619 and NGC7626. Assuming that these galaxies are at the distance of Pegasus I, we have found that their sizes are intermediate among similar objects reported in the literature. In particular, we found that three of these galaxies can be classified as ultra-diffuse galaxies and a fourth one displays a nucleus. The eight new LSB galaxies show a significant color dispersion around the extrapolation towards faint luminosities of the color-magnitude relation defined by typical early-type galaxies. In addition, they display values of the Sérsic index below 1, in agreement with values obtained for LSB galaxies in other environments. We also show that there seems to be a bias effect in the size distributions of the detected LSBs in different environments, in the sense that more distant groups/clusters lack small $r_{eff}$ objects, while large systems are not found in the Local Group and nearby environments. While there may be an actual shortage of large LSB galaxies in low-density environments like the Local Group, the non-detection of small (and faint) systems at large distances is clearly a selection effect. As an example, LSB galaxies with similar sizes to those of the satellites of Andromeda in the Local Group, will be certainly missed in a visual identification at the distance of Pegasus I.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".