Analysis of Multifrequency and Phase Keying Strategies for Focusing Ultrasound to the Human Vertebral Canal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Focused ultrasound has been shown to increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and its feasibility for opening the blood-spinal cord barrier has also been demonstrated in small animal models, with great potential to impact the treatment of spinal cord (SC) disorders. For clinical translation, challenges to transvertebral focusing of ultrasound energy on the human spinal canal, such as a focal depth of field and standing-wave formation, must be addressed. A dual-aperture approach using multifrequency and phase-shift keying (PSK) strategies for achieving a controlled focus in human thoracic vertebrae was investigated through numerical simulations and benchtop experiments in ex vivo human vertebrae. An ~85% reduction in the focal depth of field was achieved compared to a single-aperture approach at 564 kHz. Short-burst (two-cycle) excitations in combination with PSK were found to suppress the formation of standing waves in ex vivo human thoracic vertebrae when focusing through the vertebral laminae. The results make an important contribution toward the development of a clinical-scale approach for targeting ultrasound therapy to the SC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".