Nonlinear interactions of P and S waves under uniaxial stress
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fractures play a significant role in nonlinear wave interactions in rocks. These same fractures are fundamental to the production of geothermal energy as well as unconventional oil and gas, so understanding them has significant practical value. In this study, we examine the nonlinear interactions of P and S waves as a function of uniaxial stress. We perform a set of experiments on two sandstone samples known to have aligned fractures taken from the same quarry but cut so that the experiment is oriented differently with respect to the fractures. Complementary measurements show that the velocity decreases with stress indicating that the applied stress opens the fractures in both samples. For most of our data, we observe a significant decrease in the nonlinear response as a function of the applied stress independent of the orientation of the fractures and the experiment. An interesting exception is the coupling of two S-waves where we observe an increase in the nonlinear response at lower stresses before a decrease as the load is increased.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".