Failure mechanism of laser welds of DP980 and HSLA450 steels in formability testing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, dual phase (DP) steel with banded martensite was investigated with YAG laser welding process in terms of formability by use of Limited Dome Height (LDH) testing method. One high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel with equiaxial ferrite matrix was included for comparison. The failure mode and dome height at fracture were examined on parent metal and welded blanks respectively. It was found that the failure mode of DP parent metal was determined by its rolling direction. The voids initiated between ferrite/martensite interfaces due to decohesion between two phases and propagated preferentially along the interface. For DP welded blanks, the failure occurred within the softened zone regardless of the orientation between weld and rolling direction. The voids formed at the interfaces between ferrite and tempered martensite. Significant dome height decrease from the parent metal was attributed to the softened zone formation. In comparison, HSLA and its welded blanks exhibited almost the similar dome height. The failure of welded blanks initiated from the hardened fusion zone and propagated perpendicular to the unaffected base metal.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".