Energy performance of cross-laminated timber panel (X-Lam) buildings: A case study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To mitigate the impact of climate change, building designers have to mature novel approaches that enable occupants to remain comfortable in the predictable more warming climate, as well as reduce the environmental footprint and emissions intensity of the building fabric.According to Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), energy-efficient buildings represents one of the most accredited ways of reducing energy consumptions in the urbanized area as it requires both high-performance components and technical systems.In the last decades, Cross Laminated Timber Panel (X-Lam) buildings become very popular among the designers of passive and nZEB buildings for their earthquake resistance, excellent air tightness and thermal insulation, which allow achieving remarkable energy savings.In this paper the thermal performance and the indoor comfort of a Cross Laminated Timber Panel (CLT) building, have been evaluated.This simulation study was carried out adopting two approaches, steady state and dynamic regime, both in Catania and Bolzano two cities that, even belong in the Mediterranean area, are characterized by different climates.Dynamic numerical simulations were performed on a yearly basis through the software Design Builder, both in free-floating conditions and with an air-conditioning (AC) system.Furthermore, the effect of natural ventilation (N.V.) on the thermal behavior of the CLT building was investigated.The two approaches have provided almost the same energy needs in winter but a significant difference was revealed in summer in both sites.CLT building can lead to indoor overheating of the building in the hottest days of the summer period not only in Catania.Indeed, dynamic simulations in free-floating conditions have highlighted that the X-Lam building fabric suffers even in Bolzano where the operative temperature ranges from 27.2 ° C to 31.8 ° C.Moreover, the adoption of N.V. strategies can improve the indoor thermal conditions reducing maximum value of operative temperature around 1.0 ° C.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".