Effectiveness of a hospital-based postnatal parent education intervention about pain management during infant vaccination: a randomized controlled trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Parents have reported that they want to learn how to reduce pain in infants during vaccinations. Our objective was to compare different levels of intensity of postnatal education about pain mitigation on parental self-reported use of interventions at future infant vaccinations. METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal, 3-group parallel, add-on, randomized controlled trial on the postnatal ward of a hospital. New mothers, unaware of the hypothesis, were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 intervention groups and 3 follow-up groups (i.e., 9 groups, 3 × 3). The 3 intervention groups were control (general immunization information), pain pamphlet (pain mitigation information), and pain pamphlet and pain video (pain mitigation information). Both pain mitigation education groups also received general immunization information. The 3 follow-up groups were 2-, 4- and 6-month infant vaccinations. Mothers reported use of breastfeeding, sucrose and topical anesthetics during infant vaccinations in a telephone survey. RESULTS: Of 3420 participants, follow-up was available for 2549 (75%): 36.1%, 34.2% and 29.7% reported on pain mitigation practices at 2-, 4- and 6-month vaccinations, respectively (p = 0.9). Maternal characteristics did not differ (p > 0.05): mean age, 33.6 years; 58% were primipara. Utilization of any intervention (breastfeeding, sucrose or topical anesthetics) was 53.2%, 61.4% and 63.0% for control, pain pamphlet, and pain pamphlet and pain video groups, respectively (p < 0.001); both pain education groups had higher utilization than the control group, but did not differ from one another. Uptake differed among intervention groups at 2 and 4 months but not at 6 months. INTERPRETATION: Hospital-based postnatal education increased parental use of pain interventions at infant vaccinations and can be added to existing education. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, no. NCT01937143.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".