Physical Properties of Aerosol Internally Mixed With Soot Particles in a Biogenically Dominated Environment in California
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Atmospheric soot particles are often internally mixed with organic aerosol. The geometric distribution of the mixing components affects the soot particles' radiative properties. Here we present an electron microscopy analysis of particles collected in a biogenically dominated environment to understand how the viscosity of secondary organic aerosol relates to various soot mixing configurations. The shape of particles impacting on a substrate deforms according to their viscosity. We use the aspect ratio of individual particles determined by tilt angle imaging to classify them into low, intermediate, and high viscosity groups. Ninety percent of the particles partially engulfing soot belong to the intermediate viscosity regime. In contrast, the highly viscous organic aerosol remains externally mixed with or attaches to the surface of soot particles. Our results link the viscosity of organic aerosol with the mixing configuration of soot‐containing particles. Including these findings in mixing state models could improve estimates of the soot radiative forcing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".