Acoustic recordings of Pacific salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus</i> spp.) from a hatchery on Vancouver Island
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sound production in fish has been documented; however, the diversity of species that create sound is not fully understood. Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) are ecologically, economically, and culturally important in the northeast Pacific. Recent declines in specific species and stocks have increased their public interest. Other species from the family Salmonidae produce sounds, but there is little evidence of any species of Pacific salmon producing sounds. Recording salmon in the wild would be difficult but local hatcheries allow for a unique opportunity to listen for salmon sounds in a semi-natural environment. Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), and coho salmon (O. kisutch) were recorded using two stationary acoustic recorders that were deployed at a salmon hatchery in Qualicum beach Vancouver Island, British Columbia, for three consecutive weeks in September and October 2017. Audio files were collected in 5 minute subsections and examined for salmon sounds. Here, we present spectrograms and time-frequency composition of potential sounds found for Chinook, pink, and coho salmon. All sounds were then compared to sounds produced by other soniferous fish and to the hearing range of Pacific salmon.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".