Laser and electron beam welding of 25 mm thick A516 Gr.70 steel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The safe and effective storage and disposal of high level waste and spent fuel is a high priority for many countries worldwide. In order to store vitrified high level waste in steel canisters in a facility 500 m underground, welding process has to be developed for the closure of nuclear waste canisters. In the current work, welding of 25 mm thick A516 Gr.70 steel plate was carried out using 30 kW fiber laser and 50 kV electron beam, respectively, for canisters closure application. The effect of laser welding speed on weld penetration was investigated. The microstructure of the weld metal and heat-affected zone was characterized. The micro-hardness across the weld joint was determined. The results showed that a 30 kW laser could produce a full penetration weld at 1.3 m/min without defects which is faster than electron beam welding did at 0.64 m/min. Under those welding conditions, both the laser and electron beam weld metals contained acicular ferrite and bainite, the maximum hardness in laser weld was around 250-300 HV, and 300-350 HV for electron beam weld.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".