Writing buried optical waveguides: Contrasts in ultrafast and ultraviolet lasers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ultrafast lasers and deep-ultraviolet F2 lasers present stark contrasts in driving multi-photon and single-photon interactions within transparent glasses. Low-loss single mode waveguides and simple photonic components were formed with a 50-fs Ti:Sapphire laser and a 157-nm 15-ns F2 laser inside the bulk of fused silica. Laser interactions were confined by large NA optics within a small ∼8-μm diameter focal volume and scanned with precision motion stages to shape 3-dimensional photonic structures. Refractive index changes of up to 0.01 were induced with the ultrafast laser at a high scanning speed of several hundred microns per second and 100-kHz repetition rate. Weaker refractive index changes of 0.0005 were generated by the F2 laser, owing to a lower 100-Hz repetition rate and weaker absorption in the focal volume. The laser-generated waveguides offer high transmission of ∼1 dB/cm, are transparent to light in the visible and infrared spectrum, and can support multi-mode guiding with low insertion loss into optical fibers. The paper will present examples of fabricating simple three-dimensional photonic components.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".