Soil consistency and interparticle characteristics of xanthan gum biopolymer–containing soils with pore-fluid variation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Biopolymer–soil technology is currently recognized as an environmentally friendly soil improvement method for geotechnical engineering practices. However, concerns exist regarding biopolymer fine-soil applications because the performance of biopolymers is based on an electrical interaction with clay or a pore fluid. Thus, the effect of water content and pore-fluid chemistry on biopolymer behavior in soil must first be clarified in terms of biopolymer applications. In this study, the liquid limits of xanthan gum biopolymer–treated clay–sand mixtures (clayey silt, kaolinite, montmorillonite, and sand) were obtained using three chemically distinct pore fluids (deionized water, 2 mol/L NaCl brine, and kerosene). Xanthan gum has contrary effects to the soil consistency, where the liquid limit can decrease via xanthan gum–induced particle aggregation or increase due to xanthan gum hydrogel formation. The clay-mineral type governed the xanthan gum behavior in the deionized water, while the pore-fluid chemistry governed the xanthan gum behavior in the brine and the kerosene.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".