A Compact Methodology Via a Recurrent Neural Network for Accurate Equivalent Circuit Type Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work investigates the modeling of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with a recurrent neural network (RNN), rather than with an equivalent circuit or similar type model as is typically used. The RNN is trained with dynamic battery data, such as vehicle drive cycle test results. Specialized characterization tests and model parameterization are not necessary, simplifying the process of battery modeling. A compact unified methodology consisting of an RNN with gated recurrent unit and deep feature selection structures is utilized. A total of two RNNs are evaluated, one with current as the input and another with power as the input. Both RNN forms accurately model LIB dynamic responses including battery nonlinear behavior at different temperatures. The models are compact in size, require fewer characterization tests compared to conventional equivalent circuit models, and can be further used as an LIB simulator in model-based design and hardware-in-loop applications to test battery management systems and other electronic components.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".