Using Water Temperature, Electrical Conductivity, and pH to Characterize Surface–Groundwater Relations in a Shallow Ponds System (Doñana National Park, SW Spain)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The physical limnology of a shallow pond system was characterized using field measurements of water temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC). We determined the spatial variability in surface and groundwater temperature, pH, and EC along the pond’s shore and along the several pond-shore transects, analyzed the water column temperature gradient and estimated the groundwater discharge rate using a heat transfer model. The fieldwork was conducted in Santa Olalla and Dulce ponds located in Doñana National Park in southwestern Spain during different stages from 2016 to 2018. The results of this study have improved the understanding of the thermal structure and the surface–subsurface heat exchange in the ponds and highlighted the importance of groundwater discharge in the pond water balance. It also showed the heterogeneous nature of groundwater discharge through the bottom sediments of the Santa Olalla pond. These results are consistent with previous studies and strengthen the existing hydrological and limnological knowledge of these ponds located in the protected area which is receiving a great deal of public attention.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".