Divergent Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Response Induced by GB Virus C/ Hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) and Torque Teno Virus (TTV) Co-Infections in Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infected Thalassemia Patients
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite common incidence of GB virus C/Hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) and Torque Teno Virus (TTV) co-infections in subjects with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, pathogenic role of these co-infections in HCV infected subjects has not been clear since studies have mostly been based on liver enzyme profile yielding variable results. Pro-inflammatory cytokines that participate in host immune response against viruses are generated as a consequence of triggering of related genes by Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-kB) that is a member of transcription family. Study of three pro-inflammatory cytokines e.g. interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) in a group of multi-transfused thalassemic subjects in relation to positivity for HCV, HGV and TTV infections showed elevated levels of these cytokines in serum as well as in supernatant of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMCs) cultures in HCV-GBV-C/HGV co-infected subgroup compared to HCV mono-infected subgroup (p <0.05 for comparison of all three cytokines) while HCV-TTV co-infected subgroup showed lowering of these levels compared to HCV mono-infected subgroup (p <0.05 for comparison of all three cytokines). Levels of p65 component of NF-kB i.e.NF-kB p65 in nuclear extracts of lipopolysaccharide stimulated PBMCs correlated positively with the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum as well as that in supernatants of PBMC cultures in both HCV- GBV-C/HGV co-infected and HCV-TTV co-infected subgroups (p values ranging from <0.001 to 0.004). Levels of NF-kB p65 in nuclear extracts and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum as well as in supernatants of PBMC culture did not show any alteration compared to thalassemic subjects with HGV or TTV infections alone and healthy non-transfused subjects. Based on the inhibitory role of TTV on activation of NF-kB in TTV-HCV co-infected cases observed in the present study and the reported contribution of NF-kB towards development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to establishment of chronicity, it may be worth evaluating if TTV or any component of TTV can be utilized as therapeutic vaccine against development of HCC in HCV infected subjects.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it