Diagnostic Value of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in a 12-Year-Old Girl with Suspected Malposition of a Bladder Catheter and Ambiguous Findings on B-Mode Ultrasound – A Case Report
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction About 25 % of all inpatients in the United States are catheterized during their hospital stay (ML Metersky. American Journal of Infection Control 2017; 45: 901 – 904). According to the latest guidelines from the American Association of Pediatrics, transurethral bladder catheterization (TUBC) is the preferred method for urine collection in young patients presenting with urinary tract infections (UTI) (EC Michael. The Journal of Pediatrics 2017; S0022 – 3476(17)30 934 – 4). Although bladder catheter insertion is a common procedure, it bears potential risks, including catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), urethral trauma, bleeding, bladder perforation or catheter malposition (KR Wagner. Current Urology Report 2016; 17(11): 82). In case of malposition of the bladder catheter, anatomic anomalies like an ectopic ureter should be ruled out as a potential cause of UTI. Ectopic ureter defines the ureteral orifice inferior to the normal insertion on the trigone of the bladder, and further diagnostic workup ranges from ultrasonography, voiding cystourethrography, nuclear cystography and echo-enhanced cystosonography to computed-tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in unclear cases (M. Tang et al. Canadian Urological Association journal 2015; 9: E554-E558). However, the latter imaging modalities require radiation exposure (CT) or the necessity of sedation in infants and neonates (MRI).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".