Wing Tip Vortex Development Under a Grid Generated Turbulent Flow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The interaction of a NACA 0012 wingtip vortex with a grid-generated flow was investigated in this paper. The experiments were conducted in the near and mid-wakes regions at three free stream turbulence (FST) levels of 0.5% (empty wind tunnel), 3% and 6%, and at two Reynolds numbers, based on the wing chord length, of 2 × 105 and 3 × 105. Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (SPIV) and hot wire measurements were carried out at four downstream positions, namely x/c = 0.5, 2.5, 5 and 7. Streamwise velocity contours showed that the wingtip vortex decayed with increased FST and downstream distance. In the vortex core region, the streamwise velocity decelerated while the vortex adopted a wake-like profile. FST was found to decrease the vortex circulation, to increase the vortex radius, and to increase the vortex meandering amplitude. By increasing the Reynolds number, the grid cases showed a small variation of the vortex radius and vorticity peak, particularly at downstream positions of 5 and 7. With meandering correction, the turbulence level within the vortex core were found to be reduced as the artificial turbulence induced by the vortex meandering was removed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".