Multi‐stage bi‐level linear model for low carbon expansion planning of multi‐area power systems
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study proposes a multi‐stage expansion model for coordinated transmission and generation of expansion planning of a multi‐area power system (MAPS) wherein each region seeks to benefit from the changes. The proposed model adopts a bi‐level optimisation approach. In the first level, the expansion cost and carbon emissions are calculated for each region separately for expansion planning. In the second level of optimisation, the calculated cost and emission values are used as the upper limits for the cost of expansion and emissions of the regions in multi‐area expansion planning. The proposed bi‐level approach prevents one region from bearing additional expansion costs without compensatory benefits and provides advantageous collaboration for the participant regions in the MAPS expansion. The proposed linear model requires fewer computational expansion models for long‐term planning of the MAPS, but takes the uncertain generation of renewable units into account.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it