Energetic Electron Precipitation Associated With Pulsating Aurora Observed by VLF Radio Propagation During the Recovery Phase of a Substorm on 27 March 2017
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Recent studies suggest that electrons with energies up to several hundred keV precipitate into the atmosphere associated with pulsating aurora (PsA). It is debated the highest energy of precipitating electrons associated with PsA. Here we report for the first time that the energy extends to relativistic energies. PsA was observed by THEMIS all‐sky imagers during a substorm that occurred on 27 March 2017. Energetic electron precipitation was detected by very low frequency subionospheric propagation. We found similar time variations between the auroral intensity and perturbation of the received radio signal intensity when the PsA occurred on the radio path. The perturbation showed a short recovery time of ~2 s. The recovery time indicates relaxation from ionospheric modification due to energetic electron precipitation and depends on the stopping altitude of the electrons. The recovery time required a stopping altitude of 50–60 km and indicates that the PsA is accompanied by relativistic electron precipitation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".